Abstract

Environmental pollution is a critical worldwide problem affecting ecosystems and human well-being. Efficient surveillance and identification of contaminants are crucial in order to reduce the effects caused by them. This thesis centers on advancing and refining molecular sensors that employ nanomaterials to detect environmental pollutants in real time. The research commences by clarifying the fundamental principles of sensor design and the distinctive characteristics of nanomaterials that render them optimal contenders for augmenting sensor performance. Nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and quantum dots, exhibit characteristics such as large surface area, superior conductivity, and responsiveness to chemical alterations. These characteristics allow them to function as effective converters and signal boosters in sensor platforms. This thesis investigates several techniques for creating sensors. Methods such as thin film deposition, functionalization techniques, and transducer integration are carefully fine-tuned to develop sensors that can detect pollutants at low levels with precise specificity and sensitivity. Combining nanomaterials with molecular recognition elements (MREs), such as aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), is crucial in improving the ability of sensors to detect specific substances selectively. These biomimetic materials are designed to attach to target contaminants, guaranteeing precise detection even in complicated environmental samples. An essential element of the research entails the characterization and optimization of sensor performance under different environmental situations. Factors such as pH, temperature, and humidity are meticulously evaluated through rigorous testing and calibration. This guarantees that the sensors function consistently under various environmental conditions, hence improving their usefulness in practical situations. Experimental methodologies involve a wide range of scientific approaches, including electrochemical, optical, and mass-sensitive techniques, to make use of the distinct characteristics of nanomaterials and MREs. This comprehensive method expands the range of detectable pollutants, including heavy metals, organic contaminants, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To verify the practical usability of the sensors that have been created, thorough field trials are carried out in partnership with environmental monitoring authorities. The sensors’ ability to directly detect contaminants in environmental settings is demonstrated through real-time data collecting and analysis. This provides timely and actionable information for environmental management and public health protection. The thesis focuses on sustainability and scalability in sensor production, in line with sustainable development objectives. The study investigates green synthesis techniques and recycling strategies for nanomaterials to minimize their environmental footprint and lower manufacturing expenses, encouraging the wider adoption of these sensor technologies. To summarize, the study described in this thesis signifies notable progress in environmental sensing technology. The sensors utilized nanomaterials and molecular recognition elements to achieve improved real-time sensitivity, selectivity, and reliability in detecting environmental toxins. These findings aid in the continuous worldwide endeavors to observe and alleviate ecological degradation, therefore promoting sustainable development and ensuring the protection of public health.